I want to learn how to program PLCs and stuff. What languages should I know? Is C++ or Assembly the best to know? Or both?
As rwhite says, ladder logic is dominant and is simply an electrical schematic of contacts representing inputs or internal variables and outputs, but many PLC's and other automation devices allow "scripting". The scripts typically follow the syntax and semantics of Visual Basic and, once learned, vastly simplify and enhance programming. I'd start there.
Chris, I can agree with most of your points. Maybe I need to make my point in a different way. Know your audience. Know who you are programming for. If you are writing a program for yourself personally, structured text or scripting would be fine. However, if you are writing a program for a facility in which the equipment is maintained by personnel that are familiar with ladder logic or have little programming knowledge at all - then I would maintain you need to stay with ladder. Likewise, if you are in a facility that uses nothing but function blocks or scripting - then you should stay with that. With that said, and knowing that the majority of facilities use ladder, you eventually will have to learn and understand ladder logic.
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